Check out Chumlee's net worth in US Dollar Jul, 2023. Chumlee's most expensive and lucrative deals on "Pawn Stars" tend to be for items within his area of expertise. Through his various shows like ‘Pawn Stars,’, he is paid approximately $25 thousand shillings for every scene, which equates to $8 million for all the seasons. This figure is primarily derived from his salary from the Pawn Stars show, which is around $25,000 per episode. What is Rick Harris worth? Richard “Old Man” Harrison Net Worth. ‘pawn Stars’ Star ‘pawn Stars’ Star Chumlee’s Net Worth Is Estimated to Be Around $5 Million. Chumlee’s net worth is approximately $5 million. Chumlee is an American TV personality, businessman and actor, born on 8 September 1982, in Henderson, Nevada USA. This was not Chum’s best year. He gained fame through his role on the reality show “Pawn Stars”. 2. Chumlee is worth approximately $5 million. He also makes his money from his side gig. Now, fans want to know who is Chumlee’s wife? Chumlee’s wife is the former Olivia Rademann. Bette Midler. 38 mi) The ENGLiSH Hotel, Las Vegas, a Tribute Portfolio Hotel; View all hotels near Chumlee's Candy On The. In 2010, Chumlee sold half of his company's stake to Rick Harrison for $155,000 so his shop handles more orders. He is from United States. on the American TV series iCarly. Likewise, as of now, he has more than 200 pairs of expensive shoes and also owns high budget cars such as Range Rovers, a 1964 Impala SS, a Cadillac Escalade ($96,795), Rolls-Royce Phantom ($450,000-$600,000), a Maserati GranTurismo ($136,475). As per Chumlee wiki, his real name is Austin Lee Russell. His net worth has been growing significantly in 2022-2023. On top of that income, he and Chumlee also make personal appearances around Las Vegas, earning him thousands of dollars. Explore Chumlee's net worth & salary in 2023. While Rick Harrison has an estimated net worth of $8 million. 4. Chumlee’s wealth is estimated to be $1. Chumlee’s Net Worth The Breakdown. Chumlee and Olivia started dating around the beginning of 2016. His birthplace is Henderson, Nevada. Photo Source: Instagram. The Surprising Net Worth of Pawn Stars’ Fan Favorite: Chumlee In 2023, seven years after it first aired, “Pawn Stars” is still going strong on The History Channel. Read more >. Because it’s honestly a show about gr. Nicholas Hunt/Getty Images. Comments ( 2 ) of . As of 2023, Chumlee’s net worth is $5 million. . Personal Life. Chumlee enjoys a net worth collection of $5 million collected from his show Pawn Stars. That’s not a bad payday, especially seeing how there tend to be 30 episodes within a single season of the reality show. Cast member on. Videos on the channel are categorized into Pop music, Music, Hip hop music. He collects old pinball games and shoes, and his wardrobe contains over 200 pairs. Net Worth in 2021. • It is the second most-watched reality show in general, and has completed a total of sixteen. Review. Net Worth. He earns a salary of $25,000 for each episode he appears on television. The net worth of Chumlee as of 2021 is at $5 million. , Wednesday through Sunday (closed Monday and Tuesday). Born in Nevada in 1982, he became famous for his role in. He is estimated to be worth $5 million at this point. He stands at 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighs approximately. Tag: chumlee net worth 2022. In 2015, James walked away from an endorsement agreement with McDonald’s, worth an estimated $15 million over four years, to instead. Five years later, the pawnshop became the setting for the reality show that has gained an enormous fan base on television. Now that you’re familiar with Austin Chumlee Russell and his net worth, let’s look at what one of his greatest lessons is. Chumlee is deswegen a DJ and has a passion for. Chumlee Net Worth. 18 mi) 269 - DOWNTOWN LAS VEGAS URBAN LOFT (0. As of early 2018, his net worth is estimated at $5 million, with his assets including. as of 2022. Videos on the channel are categorized into Music, Hip hop music, Lifestyle. Category: Richest Celebrities Net Worth: $8 Million Date of Birth: Mar 4, 1941 - Jun 25, 2018 (77 years old) Place of Birth: Danville Gender: Male Nationality:Chumlee Net Worth: A Closer Look at the Pawn Stars Star's Wealth. Despite this, he filed for bankruptcy in 2015. The History Channel and A&E. His main source of income is his career as a reality tv star. Net worth: $5 million; Austin “Chumlee” Russell, the childhood friend of Rick Harrison, has a net worth of $5 million. Salary in 2020. The pawn shop was founded in 1989 by Rick and his late father, Richard Benjamin "The Old Man" Harrison. Police found illicit substances and several guns in Chumlee’s house. Feb 6, 2022 - Chumlee, born Austin Lee Russell on September 8, 1982, is an American actor, reality television personality, and businessman. But the star is mostly known for comic relief and his funny antics. prev. He gained fame through his role on the reality show “Pawn Stars”. Austin Chumlee Net Worth is US$ 5 Million as of January 2023. Some Interesting Facts You Need To KnowAs of 2020, Chumlee’s net worth is $5 million. 4. Sandler is best known from the films ‘Punch-Drunk Love’ and ‘The Wedding Singer’. What business ventures has Chumlee launched? As of 2021, Austin Chumlee Russell’s net worth is estimated to be around $5 million. A number of websites alleged his death from a marijuana overdose in 2013, but all. Thanks to this, he has been able to accumulate an approximate net worth of $5 million and makes an estimated $25,000 per episode, according to Celebrity Net Worth. Kailyn Lowry got her start on Season 2 of "16 and Pregnant" and later transitioned to "Teen Mom 2" (per IMDb). The majority of people recognise him from his roles in the television shows “Boardwalk Empire. Austin Chumlee’s net worth has grown significantly since his Pawn Stars debut, reaching US$ 5 Million. Chumlee Net Worth. Nonetheless, the show is not the only source of income for this reality TV Star. According to reports, Chumlee has a net worth of $5 million. Chumlee, the beloved cast member of ‘ Pawn Stars ,’ seems to have fallen to a death rumor again. According to Celebrity Net Worth, the actor makes a smashing income of $25,000 per episode from the show. As of 2023, Chumlee’s current net worth is estimated to be approximately $6 Million. What Is Rick Dale's Net Worth? Rick Dale is an American reality television star and professional antique restorer who has a net worth of $2 million. Kasey Kahne is an American former professional stock car racer and dirt track racing driver best known for competing in the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Mike Wolfe is an American reality television star and antique hunter who has a net worth of $7 million. Early Life. Chumlee Net Worth is known as an American money manager. Overall rating. Moreover, his current home location and other information are completely hidden on social media. What Really Happened Chumlee From Pawn StarsSubscribe for more!Pawn Stars is one of the few reality shows that is yet to run its course, even after 21 season. He earns $25,000 for every episode of Pawn Stars. Austin’s total assets are estimated to be around $5 million, based on his various works. Also, he has many luxury vehicles like Maserati, Rolls-Royce Phantom, Range Rover, Cadillac Escalade, a 1964 Impala SS, and a 1986 Buick Regal. Chumlee’s Net Worth In 2021. Short Info. 8 Reality TV Stars Who Passed Away During Production. Home » Net Worth » Chumlee Net Worth, Wiki, Bio, Cars, House, Age (2023-2022) Net Worth. Pawn Stars Chumlee Sentenced To Life In Prison After ThisPawn Stars is a very interesting show when you think about it. In fact, Kevin Hart was the highest-paid comedian in 2016, as he. : (0. Some Interesting Facts You Need To Know what is chumlee net worth Chumlee, real name Austin Lee Russell, is an American actor, businessman and reality television personality. Chumlee's main role as comedian remains, and you're still more likely to see him fumbling the ball than scoring a touchdown. Austin Lee Russell was born on 8 September 1982. Keep positive. Chumlee has already amassed $1 million worth of cars his collection (and the value of his collection) is only going to keep increasing. 1 Range Rover Evoque; 4. Now, fans want to know who is Chumlee’s wife? Chumlee’s wife is the former Olivia Rademann. According to Celebrity Net Worth, he has a net worth of $5 million and makes around $25,000 per episode in 2023. As of 2021, Austin Chumlee Russell’s net worth is estimated to be around $5 million. 44. Rick Harrison is estimated to be worth approximately $8 million, taking home $15,000 per episode as of 2016 and using his earnings to invest wisely in hopes of raking in even more money. 76 m (5 ft 9 in)Country of Origin:United States of AmericaSource of Wealth:Reality TV StarLast Updated:March 8, 2023. What is Chumlee's net worth? Chumlee is YouTube channel with over 694. 1 star. Net Worth: $5 Million Gender: Male Nationality: United States of America. Blogs; Chumlee Net Worth, Biography, Wiki, Cars, House, Age, CarrerIn 2017, Chumlee opened a candy shop ‘Chumlee’s Candy on the Boulevard’ across the street from the Pawn Shop in Las Vegas. Chumlee enjoys a net worth collection of $5 million collected from his show Pawn Stars. 1. How many cars does Chumlee have? Chumlee has a car collection that includes several classic and exotic vehicles. Corey and Chumlee, also part of the Pawn Stars cast, occasionally stops by. Olivia Rademann Husband, Marriage. Chumlee has launched his own company for public appearances and retail items. Here are the best content from the team C0 thuy son tnhp synthesized and compiled from many sources, see more in the category How To. As of 2021, Austin Chumlee Russell’s net worth is $5 million. Chumlee’s net worth figures have been earned not only through his profession, but it also came. 2 billion (Up from $15. 5 star: 3 votes: 33%: 4 star: 1 votes: 11%: 3 star:. Tag: what is chumlee’s net worth. What is Chumlee's age? As of 2022, Chumlee is 39 years of age. Published on July 17, 2018. Pawn Stars, when premiered on History channel nearly nine years ago, was one of the unique shows on television. Rick knows quite a lot about books related to tattoos for a guy who doesn't have any. He gained fame through his role on the reality show “Pawn Stars”. His net worth can be compared to Molly McNearney and Danielle Cormack. Chumlee’s house in Las Vegas is $1. Sadly, no one lives forever, despite Chumlee's fondest wish. As of November 2023, Apple’s market cap stands at an astonishing $2. Chumlee has an estimated net worth of $5 million dollars which he has earned through his career as an actor, reality television personality, and businessman. A year later, Chumlee had broken the one million mark and 2014, his net worth was estimated to be close to $2. 4 Maserati GranTurismo; 4. His appearance on the show helped him become a reality TV star. Collaborating with numerous fellow influencers, celebrities, and brands has helped Chumlee’s expand reach and impact. m. Chumlee’s Net Worth In 2021 is around $5 Million as we know. All these appearances contributed to Chumlee’s net worth. She had reportedly been suffering from a chronic lung condition, which may have exacerbated her depression and contributed to her decision to end her life. During the same year, Chumlee was a co-producer of the short film ‘’Driven: The Story of Tanner Godfrey’’. For every episode of Pawn Stars that airs, Chumlee earns $25,000. Chumlee has already amassed $1 million worth of cars his collection (and the value of his collection) is only going to keep increasing. With 30 episodes a season, that equates to a $5 million salary. His net worth is a subject of interest among fans who are curious to know how much wealth he has amassed to date. 59th percentile. Austin Chumlee Russell Net Worth. As of 2020, Chumlee’s net worth is $5 million. The star got away with three years of probation and continues to appear on the show. He was born on September 8, 1982. Chumlee has become a household name for fans of the show, and his popularity has had an influence on his net worth. In spite of the fact that he has appearances of being ordinary, his charisma romances viewers. This valuation is a testament to the company’s continued growth, innovation, and ability to adapt to changing market trends. Sep 8th (1982) Quick facts; Date of birth: Sep 8th, 1982 - in Henderson, Nevada, United States: Age: 41: Star sign: Virgo (♍️) Chinese year: Dog (狗). 2. With a net worth like Chumlee’s, one can afford to live quite. He starred alongside Rick Harrison on the reality TV show Pawn Stars. The main source of Chumlee’s wealth is his salary from Pawn Stars, as well as profits from his various business ventures. ’ He has also successfully appeared in many of its spin-off series. Expect weekly videos a. Chumlee Russell is a reality show star from the USA with a net worth of 5 million dollars. Latest Net worth. What is Chumlee's net worth? As of 2022, Chumlee has a net worth of around $5 million. Here is How Pawn Stars Chumlee Became Rich and Worth $20,000,000!Let me know what New Movies and TV Shows you would like me to debunk. Share Your Experience! Select a Rating Select a Rating! Reviews for Chumlee's 3. As of November 2023, Ichiro Suzuki’s net worth is roughly $180 million, making him the 4th richest baseball player in the world. What is Chumlee Net Worth? As of March 2023, Chumlee's net worth is $5 Million dollars. Chumlee earns a nice paycheck for his appearances on Paw Stars. Chumlee’s Net Worth, Career, Salary, Life & Interesting Facts . 4 more rows • Apr 8, 2022. Click for more info. Chumlee is also a DJ and has a passion for collecting sneakers. He has earned all his wealth from his career as a businessman and a reality television personality. He has an estimated net worth of $5 million. In the show, he played himself alongside Rick and Corey Harrison. He owns a candy store called Chumlee’s Candy on the Boulevard. 0. The actor also started a merchandise store where he sells different things that interests him. The Surprising Net Worth of Pawn Stars’ Fan Favorite: Chumlee In 2023, seven years after it first aired, “Pawn Stars” is still going strong on The History Channel. 4 million. How rich is Chumlee? As of late-2018, sources inform us of a net worth that is over $5 million, earned largely through a successful career on television, but also a significant amount from business. Knowing the “Old Man” to be especially savvy with money, they were all curious to know what. Chumlee, from the TV show Pawn Stars, has an estimated net StartupNet Worth; Chumlee Net Worth, Wiki, Bio, Cars, House, Age (2023-2022)According to Celebrity Net Worth, Chumlee brings in $25,000 for each episode of "Pawn Stars," giving him a current net worth of roughly $5 million. ) in Kilograms - 75 kg. November 11, 2022 November 26, 2022 Net Worth by Justice. Austin Lee Russell, better known as Chumlee, from Pawn Stars, got married to his girlfriend Olivia in August 2019. Chumlee was born in 1982 in Henderson,… Chumlee's Net Worth. He owns a candy store called Chumlee’s Candy on the Chaussee. Chumlee Net Worth. We hope you enjoy!If you’re new, Subscribe! → about his daughter’s net worth, Sunny Hostin has around $3 Million. He earns around $15,000 per episode of Pawn Stars. S. In May 2017, he opened a candy shop, Chumlee’s Candy on the Boulevard, across the street. Washington, DC. According to Celebrity Net Worth, he has a net worth of $5 million and makes around $25,000 per episode in 2023. a. That’s not bad considering he began working at Gold & Silver at just 21 years old. $2,489. His net worth is the perfect representation of how looks can be deceiving. 2. Click to see full answer. The show follows the daily operations of the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas owned by Richard Harrison and his family. As of 2021, Chumlee’s net worth is estimated to be $5 million. He gets $25,000 for each episode of Pawn Stars that airs. Is Chumlee dead or alive? Chumlee Bio, Net Worth, Height. Chumlee’s real name is Austin Chumlee Russell. However, by 2022 his net worth is expected to grow to $10 million dollars. Chumlee’s worth is estimated to be around $5 million. He is from United States. What is Chumlee’s real name? Chumlee’s real name is Austin Lee Russell. Austin Chumlee Russell’s current net worth is approximately$5 million as of is November, 2023. By Bob McCullough April 26, 2023. Chumlee is known as an American businessman. Indeed, the lovable reality star was arrested and jailed over a decade ago in California. Austin Chumlee’s Net Worth (Updated 2023) Who is Austin “Chumlee” Russell? Austin Lee Russell is an American TV star and businessman popularly known as Austin Chumlee or simply Chumlee. The patriarch of the Harrison family makes $15,000 per episode and has an estimated net worth of $8 million. The 54-year-old TV personality made a hefty amount as a lawyer as well as from her TV career. Austin Chumlee Russel is a member of the popular reality. Chumlee’s wealth is estimated to be $1. He now has an estimated net worth of $5 million,. senators is around $2. Harrison left his. The Chumlee Net Worth 2023 Tayyab Tariq August 5, 2023 August 5, 2023 0 Comments Chumlee, Chumlee achievements,. Chumlee, also known as Austin Russell, has a net worth of $5 million. He is mainly known for his appearance in the TV series “Boardwalk Empire”, “Sons of Anarchy” and “Breaking Bad” and History Channel television show Pawn Stars. Chumlee is one of the highest-paid TV stars in Pawn star. The Richest ‘Charmed’ Co-Stars, Ranked From Lowest to Highest Net Worth Charmed is a TV classic! The series, which originally aired on The WB for eight seasons from October 1998 to May of 2006. Chumlee has been a fan favorite character on 'Pawn Stars' since the beginning. What is Chumlee’s net worth? His net worth is $5 million. Austin is. He had gastric sleeve surgery, leading to him losing 160 lb (73 kg) by October 2021. ” This complete analysis of Chumlee’s life and career will look into his net worth, age, early life, personal journey, and the accolades and achievements that have distinguished his path in the public light. With being the funny and absent-minded character of the Pawn Shop, he has. As of 2023, Bam Margera’s net worth stands at approximately $5 million. 4 million of these families having a negative net worth. Average net worth increased by 2% to $748,800 between 2016 and 2019, the bank reported in September 2020, the most recent year it published the data. . Pawn Stars Chumlee Sentenced To Life In Prison After ThisPawn Stars is a very interesting show when you think about it. Source: Getty Images. Chumlee has launched his own company for public appearances and retail items. Chumlee’s Net Worth In 2021. Unless of course, they are collectibles. What is Austin Chumlee Russell's net worth and salary? Austin Chumlee Russell is an American reality television star, businessman, and pawnshop employee who has a net worth of $5 million. Short Info. That’s Why Pawn Stars Is Finished For Chumlee. 2. His net worth is roughly estimated at $5 million as of June 2022. Chumlee's Net Worth is $25,000. He also work the shop of the entire casts’ jokes, so due to that the employee at the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas, Nevada, has become the resident. He is also planning to open a candy shop on Las Vegas Boulevard. We like the idea that such a fellow is a massive success. Cleveland | Columbus | Dallas / Fort Worth | Denver |. He’d actually been working there for five years when the TV series came calling, promptly bringing him fame and a pretty chunky fortune. Courteney Cox net worth. He is a famous American T. Chumlee's net worth is an estimated $5 million. 375 million in February of this year. The show follows Chumlee's daily business at the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas. He is from United States. Weight (approx. He also earns income from his candy shop that he recently opened, located at the same plaza as the pawn shop. As of 2022, Austin Lee Russell’s net worth is $5 million. 20 mi) OYO Gateway Motel Las Vegas North Strip/Fremont St. Net Worth in 2021. Every. This was not Chum’s best year. In 2010, Chumlee sold half of his company's stake to Rick Harrison for $155,000 so his shop handles more orders. He’s most known for featuring on the reality TV series Pawn Stars, which chronicles the day-to-day operations of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas. Salary, Net Worth. Chumlee was brought into the world on 8 September 1982. Austin Russell, better known as Chumlee, made headlines back in March after he was arrested for possessing drugs. Chukwuka Ubani is a passionate writer, he loves writing about people and he is a student of Computer Engineering. How old is Chumlee today? He is 39 years old today. Chumlee is a reflection of how determination and hard work is key thing life when he succeeded through a weight. So, let's talk about Chumlee's massive success. As of 2023, Chumlee’s current net worth is estimated to be approximately $6 Million. As of 2023, he has a net worth of $5 million and his salary is $25,000. Richard Branson’s Net Worth. Sometimes fame can get to you. Chumlee earns a nice paycheck for his appearances on Paw Stars. Reply. He made this earning from his career in acting. 375 million in February 2019. He is reported to have a net worth of $5 million dollars, which he has amassed through his work as an actor, reality television personality, and businessman. Entertainment . If you are interested to know more about Chumlee biography, this article is for you. But rest assured that the irritating writer makes a decent living on The Howard Stern Show. Rumours regarding Chumlee selling Party House for 1. Born in Nevada in 1982, he became famous for his role in the reality. Date Of Birth. What is Chumlee net worth? Chumlee net worth is $5 million. The vast majority are looking for Chumlee’s Total assets. Chumlee Wiki/Biography. Old, rare, interesting cars increase in value over time. On June 25, 2018, TMZ reported that Richard Harrison, more commonly known to fans of the show as "The Old Man," had passed away at the. The median family net worth in each year is the dollar value of wealth owned by a family where 50% of families own more wealth, and 50% own less. Also, Read About: James Dolan Net Worth 2023, Age, Height, Wife, Kids, Father | Bio-Wiki Chumlee Net Worth 2023 1 He has a net worth of $5 million Chumlee – real name Austin Lee Russell – has certainly come a long way since he was just a lowly lackey behind the counter at the pawn shop. ”. The estimated Net Worth of Chumlee is between $5 Million USD to $10 Million USD. Austin was nicknamed Chumlee by his father due to his resemblance to the character in the ‘Tennessee Tuxedo’ cartoons. However, by 2022 his net worth is expected to grow to $10 million dollars. His salary adds up to make his net worth collection stand at a massive amount of $5 million as of 2020. He is best known for his role on the reality television series, Pawn Stars. Chumlee | Net Worth and Income. The action takes place in Las Vegas, Nevada, in the famous pawn shop. He has earned all his wealth from his career as a businessman and a reality television personality. Most of his earnings come from his role on Pawn Stars, where he regularly earns $25,000 per episode. Chumlee’s bankruptcy filing came amid allegations of sexual assault and drug possession. Chumlee Net Worth, Wiki, Bio, Cars, House, Age (2023-2022) By Jofra Archer May 8, 2023 Updated: May 8, 2023 No Comments 4 Mins Read. Sports, video games, skateboarding, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game are all things he enjoys. Most of Chumlee net worth comes from the show Pawn Stars. Chumlee's. 76 m (5 ft 9 in)Country of Origin:United States. As of 2023, Chumlee’s net worth is $5 million. Some women like ordinary guys and guys, well, are ordinary guys, mostly. Chumlee's net worth Chumlee is very fond of collecting shoes. He made his fortune on Pawn Stars, a reality show on the History Channel. On December 28, 2020, the latest episode of Pawn Stars aired, featuring a customer who brought in an M82 unit ( NES demo kiosk) that just happened to house a few of Kevin’s games inside. The series as a whole has an estimated net worth of $25 million, which is just an estimate, as they haven’t given any concrete information regarding that. What is Chumlee Net Worth? As of March 2023, Chumlee's net worth is $5 Million dollars. He has earned a significant amount of money through his work on the show and his other ventures. What is Chumlee's net worth? 'Pawn Stars' actor's fortune explored as he loses 160 pounds post-surgeryAustin Lee Russell, better known as Chumlee, from Pawn Stars, got married to his girlfriend Olivia in August 2019. Chumlee is also the owner of a candy shop named Chumlee’s Candy. Austin Chumlee Russell has an estimated net worth of $5 Million. Born Kiari Kendrell Cephus, Offset is Quavo’s cousin, with the stars growing up listening to hip hop performers including Gucci Mane, Lil Wayne, and Master P. According to Celebrity Net Worth, the Pawn Stars employee makes $25,000 per episode. Transcript. 3 million families, with 13. Chumlee and Olivia started dating around the beginning of 2016. In 2009, he began the production of Pawn Stars. The "Old Man" is 72 years old and insists he no plans to retire. Although, the net worth of the owners of the show is known, which is $8 Million for Richard Old Man Harrison and Rick Harrison, $5 million for Russell, and $4 million for Corey. She is known for her work in movies and TV shows like The View, Girls Trip (2017), Daytime Divas (2017), and Moonie (2022). Chumlee Net Worth Chumlee, born on September 8, 1982 in Henderson, NV, is a cast member on the hit History Channel show Pawn Stars. In 2023, his net worth is $5 million. News;. In this article, we will explore Chumlee’s early life, professional life, and personal life, as well as his net worth, age, and height. 5 million families are in this group. The Pawn Star paid an astonishing $65,000 for this beast. On March 17, 1990, at the age of 62, Capucine tragically took her own life by jumping from her eighth-floor apartment in Lausanne, Switzerland, where she had been living for 28 years. As the popularity of the show increased, so did Chumlee’s earnings as one of its main stars. Know about William Lipton wiki, model, reality TV, engineer, boyfriend, husband, children, net worth. Does Chumlee still own the candy shop? Yes, Chumlee still owns the candy store. He made this earning from his career in acting. Chumlee’s real name is Austin Chumlee Russell. chumlee-net-worth. September 8, 1982, September 8, 1982.